Researchers during a series of studies found that given the option, people often chose to avoid feeling compassion for others. They also reported that doing so was mentally effortful and which were linked to their choices.
The findings of the studies were published in the 'Journal of Experimental Psychology.'
The researchers also found that if the situation involved a person they were close to, such as a family member, people were more likely to choose to feel compassion and that being compassionate in this context was easier.
Julian Scheffer, a Penn State graduate and postdoctoral research fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, said the findings suggest a need for new ways to encourage people to open themselves up to feeling compassion for others — especially in times of division and hardship.
"Experiencing compassion often leads to wanting to help others and improve their welfare, but we found that people may be unwilling to experience compassion and find it mentally taxing," Scheffer said.
"Knowing when effort matters for compassion can help inform how we think about weaker compassionate responses, whether in response to a stranger or even mass suffering, as in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic," Scheffer added.
Daryl Cameron, assistant professor of psychology and research associate in Penn State's Rock Ethics Institute, said the studies were among the first to examine how and when people choose to feel compassion.
"These choices track with felt cognitive costs. So cultivating compassion for your family may feel easier than cultivating compassion for a stranger, and this may be one reason why people tend to show such biases in their compassionate responding," Cameron said.
Scheffer added that one solution could be preparing people to take on compassion's mental demands, which might help people be willing to experience it. Otherwise, compassion may be harder to approach than once imagined.
"Oftentimes, people are asked to have empathy or compassion for others, with the idea that these feelings will lead to more openness, cooperation, and a willingness to help those who are suffering," Scheffer said.
"We wanted to examine how people choose to engage with these emotional processes, whether they would be approached or avoided, and why this would be the case," Scheffer continued.
To explore these questions, the researchers performed a series of studies with the number of participants ranging from 62 to 215 in each.
They designed three virtual card decks that participants could choose from and would instruct their response to other people -- one that asked them to feel compassion for the person on the card, one that asked them to feel empathy, and one that asked them to remain objective and simply describe the person -- that they then used in several experiments.
While compassion and empathy may have similarities, Scheffer said, some separate compassion as feelings of caring or sympathy for another person, while empathy is thought to involve taking on another person's suffering and experiences as if they were your own.
In the first two studies, participants were split into two groups. One was asked to choose between drawing from the compassion or objective decks, and the other was asked to choose between the empathy and objective decks.
Participants chose the compassion deck over the objective deck only about 25 per cent of the time in the first study and about 21 per cent in the second. Additionally, they chose the empathy deck about 30 per cent and 29 per cent of the time in each study, respectively.
Next, participants were asked to choose between drawing from the compassion or empathy decks. This time, people were more likely to choose empathy over compassion.
However, when they could choose between empathy, compassion, and objective decks, participants were more likely to opt to remain objective.
"Some psychologists and philosophers have said compassion is easier than empathy," Cameron said.
"One way to test that assumption is to directly compare them and give people a choice. When we asked people if they wanted to feel compassion, at least for strangers, they typically didn't want to and found it more challenging than empathy," Cameron added.
Finally, participants were once again presented with the decks as in previous experiments, but this time instead of the decks containing images of strangers, they included cards with the names of people each participant either knew very well or were just acquainted with.
"We found that people were more willing to experience compassion for their loved ones compared to strangers, and this linked with experiencing reduced difficulty with compassion for loved ones," Scheffer said.
"Compassion may be more desirable when directed toward more familiar loved ones, and potentially feel less difficult," Scheffer continued.
Scheffer said he hopes the findings -- recently published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General -- will give insight about why some might resist experiencing compassion for others, despite it being considered a generally positive feeling.
"More people are finding it increasingly difficult to engage with each other, and as people are overwhelmed with the amount of suffering right now due to the pandemic, it may make compassion particularly difficult," Scheffer said.
"Finding ways to better manage the mental challenges of compassion may provide a more rewarding route to generating prosocial motivation, especially in this particularly troubling time," Scheffer concluded.
Michael Inzlicht, professor of psychology at the University of Toronto, also participated in this work.
The National Science Foundation, John Templeton Foundation, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and Penn State's Rock Ethics Institute helped support this research.
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