Study: Why asthma worsens at night?

For hundreds of years, people have observed that asthma severity often worsens at night time. One longstanding question has been to what degree the body's internal circadian clock -- as opposed to behaviors, such as sleep and physical activities -- contributes to the worsening of asthma severity.

Using two circadian protocols, investigators from Brigham and Women's Hospital and Oregon Health & Science University have pinned down the influence of the circadian system, uncovering a key role for the biological clock in asthma. Results of the study are published in the journal The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Understanding the mechanism that influences asthma severity could have important implications for both studying and treating asthma.

"This is one of the first studies to carefully isolate the influence of the circadian system from the other factors that are behavioral and environmental, including sleep," said co-corresponding author Frank AJL Scheer, PhD, MSc, director of the Medical Chronobiology Program in the Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders at the Brigham.

Co-corresponding author Steven A Shea, PhD, professor and director at Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences added, "We observed that those people who have the worst asthma, in general, are the ones who suffer from the greatest circadian-induced drops in pulmonary function at night, and also had the greatest changes induced by behaviors, including sleep. We also found that these results are clinically important because, when studied in the laboratory, symptom-driven bronchodilator inhaler use was as much as four times more often during the circadian night than during the day."

As many as 75 percent of people with asthma -- 20 million people in the US -- report experiencing worsening asthma severity at night. Many behavioral and environmental factors, including exercise, air temperature, posture, and sleep environment, are known to influence asthma severity. Scheer, Shea, and colleagues wanted to understand the contributions of the internal circadian system to this problem.

The circadian system is composed of a central pacemaker in the brain (the suprachiasmatic nucleus) and "clocks" throughout the body and is critical for the coordination of bodily functions and to anticipate the daily cycling environmental and behavioral demands.

To disentangle the influence of the circadian system from that of sleep and other behavioral and environmental factors, the researchers enrolled 17 participants with asthma (who were not talking steroid medication, but who did use bronchodilator inhalers whenever they felt asthma symptoms were worsening) into two complementary laboratory protocols where lung function, asthma symptoms, and bronchodilator use were continuously assessed.

In the "constant routine" protocol, participants spent 38 hours continuously awake, in a constant posture, and under dim light conditions, with identical snacks every two hours. In the "forced desynchrony" protocol, participants were placed on a recurring 28-hour sleep/wake cycle for a week under dim light conditions, with all behaviors scheduled evenly across the cycle.