A study has suggested that high maternal cholesterol in pregnancy is associated with more serious heart attacks in young adult offspring.
The research was published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, a journal of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
"Cholesterol is not routinely measured during pregnancy in most countries so there are few studies on its association with the health of offspring," said study author Dr. Francesco Cacciatore of the University of Naples Federico II, Italy.
"More research is needed to verify our findings. If confirmed, this association would indicate that high cholesterol in pregnancy should be considered a warning sign and women should be encouraged to exercise and reduce their cholesterol intake. In addition, affected children could be provided dietary and lifestyle guidance aimed at preventing heart disease later in life," he continued.
The retrospective study included 310 patients who were admitted to the hospital between 1991 and 2019. Of those, 89 patients were admitted with a heart attack, and 221 controls were hospitalised for other reasons. For all 310 participants, data were obtained on the mother's cholesterol during the first and second trimester of pregnancy with that individual.
The average age of the 89 heart attack patients was 47 years and 84 per cent were men. Patients were classified as having a severe or non-severe heart attack according to: 1) the number of coronary arteries involved (severe attack = involving three arteries); 2) pump function of the heart (severe attack = left ventricular ejection fraction 35 per cent or less); 3) peak levels of creatinine kinase (CK) and CK-MB enzymes, with higher levels indicating more extensive heart damage (severe attack = CK-peak above 1200 mg/dL or CK-MB peak above 200 mg/dL).
The heart attack was considered severe when at least one of the criteria were met.
Maternal cholesterol during pregnancy was significantly correlated with each measure of heart attack severity (number of vessels, ejection fraction, CK and CK-MB).
The researchers analysed the association between maternal cholesterol during pregnancy and heart attack severity after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), number of cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, smoking, high blood pressure, family history of heart disease, or high cholesterol, diabetes, prior angina), and serum cholesterol measured after hospitalisation for the heart attack.
Maternal cholesterol during pregnancy predicted heart attack severity independently of age, sex, BMI, number of risk factors, and serum cholesterol after hospitalisation, with an odds ratio of 1.382 (95 per cent confidence interval 1.046-1.825; p=0.023).
In a second analysis including all 310 patients, the researchers examined the association between maternal cholesterol during pregnancy and atherosclerosis in adult offspring. Because no measurements of atherosclerosis were available for most controls, two surrogate measures were used. These were: 1) a number of cardiovascular risk factors; and 2) a number of cardiovascular risk factors plus clinical manifestations such as heart attack or stroke.
Pregnant mothers' cholesterol level was significantly correlated with both measures of atherosclerosis risk, even after adjusting for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors.
Dr. Cacciatore said, "Our observations suggest that a mother's cholesterol level during pregnancy impacts the developmental programming of offspring and heart attack severity in adulthood. However, the study does not establish causality, nor does it allow us to estimate how much maternal cholesterol may contribute to heart attack severity."
He concluded, "Prospective studies are needed to better evaluate the magnitude by which maternal cholesterol may influence the development of atherosclerosis in offspring and the combined effect of risk factors throughout the life."
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