By using mechanical energetics to measure stability, researchers gain deeper insights into how and why we fall.
In newly published research, Pawel Golyski and his Ph.D. advisor Greg Sawicki, associate professor of mechanical engineering and biological sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology, investigate whether mechanical energy can be used as a "common currency" to measure how humans use lower limbs to stabilize during walking. Their research, published in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface, lays the groundwork for using mechanical energetics to understand the roles of joints and muscles during unsteady locomotion. The paper also contributed to Golyski's selection as this year's recipient of the American Society of Biomechanics' (ASB) Pre-Doctoral Achievement Award.
Golyski, a graduating member of Sawicki's Physiology of Wearable Robotics (PoWeR) Lab, previously worked as a research scientist with individuals with lower-limb amputation at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. For his graduate work at Georgia Tech, his aim was to develop an understanding of how devices and the human body work together, specifically at the intersection of three elements: muscle mechanics, wearable exoskeletons, and stability during walking.
Each of the three elements relates to the others. Exoskeletons affect a person's stability while also affecting how their muscles work, and vice versa. But to examine how muscles both interact with exoskeletons and affect stability makes for an interesting challenge, Golyski says. Because, while one can observe how muscle dynamics change with the use of an exoskeleton, how those changes relate to stability is not understood. To understand how all three pillars work together to help humans compensate during a fall, Golyski and Sawicki needed to come up with a new framework to measure stability.
Energy Accountants
The researchers knew that for a person walking at a steady speed on level ground, the net mechanical energy of the person and each leg over one stride -- from the heel strike of one leg to the next heel strike of that same leg -- is zero. They also knew that energy needed to be equal to mechanical energy at all levels of description of the leg, specifically the joints and muscles.
"The idea is that if we can relate stability to a demand in energy, then we can become accountants, and track how the energy -- our currency -- changes at the level of the person, muscle, and exoskeleton," Golyski said. "That provides a really powerful framework to relate all three of those areas."
Golyski and Sawicki designed an experiment with a person walking on a treadmill. Using a split-belt treadmill, they applied short, quick disturbances, known as perturbations, in the form of increases in belt speed to one leg during walking. The purpose was to inject or extract energy during a stride so that they could then measure how the person's leg and joint energies change.
For the experiment they used Georgia Tech's CAREN (Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment) -- an integrated system used to study stability during movement. It features cameras mounted above a treadmill to track a person's movement using motion capture markers attached to the person. Using an algorithm designed by Golyski, Sawicki, PoWeR lab Ph.D. student Jennifer Leestma, and a high school mentee, Esmeralda Vazquez, the CAREN can execute perturbations based on a person's movements -- enabling the researchers to initiate perturbations at specific times in the gait cycle. By combining the force of the treadmill with the positional data collected by the CAREN, Golyski and Sawicki can calculate the changes in energy in a person's individual joints.
Their new framework could assist in determining which part of a person's body manages responses to destabilizing energy, pointing to specific muscles or joints to target with rehabilitation therapy. It could also open doors to advanced exoskeletons and prostheses that target specific joints to restore stabilizing responses in individuals with impaired balance.
"The body of research that Pawel completed during his doctoral studies is nothing short of impressive. He broke new ground by developing new experimental techniques and a new hip exoskeleton assistive device, making first-of-a-kind muscle imaging measurements, and ultimately answering the question of how exoskeletons modify joint and muscle dynamics to influence human walking stability," Sawicki said. "I was thrilled that Pawel's outstanding contributions as a scientist-engineer were recognized by ASB, and I'm even more thrilled that he will return to Walter Reed -- his dream job -- to apply his new skillset to help people get from here to there."
This summer, as part of this recognition, Golyski will deliver a research talk during an awards session at the North American Congress on Biomechanics in Ottawa, Ontario. He will also be graduating from Georgia Tech and resuming his work with veterans and active service members at Walter Reed.
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