There are certain markers of injury on the brain's white matter, which is called white matter hyperintensities, and can be seen on brain scans. New research done on athletes, showed brain scans taken during the lifetimes of athletes in contact sports, compared to changes in their brains at autopsy. It was found that white matter hyperintensities were linked with neuropathological changes.
The research was published in the 'Neurology Journal'.
The study also found that white matter hyperintensities were more common in athletes who played contact sports longer or had more head impacts during their careers.
White matter hyperintensities are areas that appear bright on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. They were common in people as they aged and with medical conditions like high blood pressure.
"Our results are exciting because they show that white matter hyperintensities might capture long-term harm to the brain in people who have a history of repetitive head impacts," said study author Michael Alosco, Ph.D., of the Boston University School of Medicine.
"White matter hyperintensities on MRI may indeed be an effective tool to study the effects of repetitive head impacts on the brain's white matter while the athlete is still alive," he added.
The study involved 75 people who were exposed to repetitive head impacts and had reported symptoms. This included 67 football players plus eight other athletes in contact sports like soccer and boxing, or military veterans. Of the football players, each of whom played an average of 12 years, 16 athletes played professionally and 11 played semi-professionally.
All donated their brains to research after their death in order to advance research into the long-term effects of repetitive head impacts. Researchers then looked at medical records, including scans that were done while the athletes were still alive. Participants had scans taken of their brains, on average, at age 62. The average age of the athletes at death was 67.
Of the participants, 64 percent were judged to have had dementia prior to death. This was determined by a discussion with their loved ones. Autopsies showed that 53 people, or 71 percent, had chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE is a neurodegenerative disease associated with repetitive head impacts, including those from football that can progress to dementia.
After examining the brain scans, researchers found that for every unit difference in white matter hyperintensity volume, there were about twice the odds of having more severe small vessel disease and other indicators of white matter damage, as well as three times the odds of having more severe tau accumulation in the frontal lobe of the brain. Tau protein accumulation in the brain is a biomarker for progressive brain diseases like Alzheimer's disease and CTE. Researchers also found that higher amounts of white matter hyperintensities were associated with more years of playing football.
When it came to completing daily tasks, greater amounts of white matter hyperintensities were associated with higher scores on a questionnaire about performing daily tasks that were completed by caregivers of the brain donors.
"There are key limitations to the study, and we need more research to determine the unique risk factors and causes of these brain lesions in people with a history of repetitive head impacts," Alosco said.
Limitations of the study included the use of MRIs obtained for clinical, not research purposes, and that participants were mostly older, symptomatic, male, former American football players.
The study was supported by National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, the Nick and Lynn Buoniconti Foundation, and Boston University's Clinical and Translational Science Institute.
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