KATHMANDU: Seasonal allergies, also known as hay fever or allergic rhinitis, are common in Nepal, particularly during changes in the seasons.

Due to the country’s diverse geography, ranging from the Terai plains to the Himalayan hills, people in different regions are susceptible to various types of allergens.

Common seasonal allergy triggers include tree pollen, grass pollen, weed pollen, dust, and mold spores. These allergens are most prevalent in the spring and autumn, when plants release their pollen, and during dry periods when dust levels are higher.

Major Triggers of Seasonal Allergies in Nepal

Different regions of Nepal have unique allergens due to variations in climate and vegetation. Some of the most common triggers include:

• Pollen: Trees, grasses, and flowering plants release pollen into the air, especially in spring and autumn.
• Dust and Pollution: In urban areas like Kathmandu, dust particles and vehicular pollution exacerbate allergic reactions.
• Mold Spores: Mold growth increases during the monsoon season due to high humidity.
• Smoke and Agricultural Burns: In the Terai region, open field burning of crops releases airborne irritants that trigger allergies.
• Animal Dander: Fur and dander from household pets like dogs and cats can also cause allergic reactions.

Common Seasonal Allergens in Nepal
Nepal’s diverse geography and climate create several types of seasonal allergens, including:

• Spring (March-May): Tree and flower pollens, such as mustard and pine pollen.
• Monsoon (June-August): Mold spores due to increased moisture and humidity.
• Autumn (September-November): Ragweed and weed pollens.
• Winter (December-February): Indoor allergens like dust mites and pet dander, exacerbated by sealed indoor environments.

Recognizing Seasonal Allergies

Seasonal allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to allergens such as pollen, dust, mold, and pet dander. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include:

• Sneezing: Frequent sneezing, especially in the morning.
• Runny or Stuffy Nose: Nasal congestion or constant watery discharge.
• Itchy Eyes, Nose, and Throat: Persistent irritation, especially when exposed to allergens.
• Watery and Red Eyes: Allergic conjunctivitis, leading to red, swollen eyes.
• Coughing and Wheezing: Often due to postnasal drip or airway sensitivity.
• Fatigue and Headache: Often caused by sinus pressure or poor sleep due to nasal congestion.

Diagnosis and Medical Consultation

If seasonal allergies significantly impact daily life, it is recommended to consult a doctor. Allergies are diagnosed by allergists and ENT specialists through:

• Skin Prick Tests: Small amounts of allergens are applied to the skin to observe reactions.
• Blood Tests: These measure allergy-related antibodies in the blood.
• Elimination Strategy: Identifying specific allergens by tracking symptoms and exposures.

Treatment and Management of Seasonal Allergies

1. Avoiding Allergens

• Stay Indoors During Peak Pollen Times: Limit outdoor activities in the morning and evening when pollen is most prevalent.
• Use Protective Gear: Wearing sunglasses and masks can reduce exposure to allergens.
• Keep Windows Closed: Using air purifiers and keeping windows closed during high pollen times can help minimize allergens indoors.
• Clean Regularly: Regular dusting and vacuuming can reduce indoor allergens.

2. Medical Treatments

• Antihistamines: Over-the-counter medications such as cetirizine or loratadine can help relieve symptoms like sneezing and a runny nose.
• Nasal Sprays: Corticosteroid sprays reduce inflammation in the nasal passages.
• Decongestants: These provide temporary relief from nasal congestion but should not be used for prolonged periods.
• Allergy Shots (Immunotherapy): Recommended for severe allergies to help build long-term resistance.

3. Natural Remedies

• Steam Inhalation: Inhaling steam with a few drops of eucalyptus oil can help relieve congestion.
• Saline Nasal Rinse: Irrigating nasal passages with a saline solution reduces inflammation.
• Honey and Tulsi Tea: Local honey can help build immunity against pollen, while tulsi (holy basil) has anti-inflammatory properties that may relieve symptoms.

Conclusion

Seasonal allergies are a common health issue in Nepal, influenced by factors like geography, climate, and exposure to allergens.

Understanding the common causes, such as pollen, dust, pollution, and mold, can help individuals recognize symptoms like sneezing, nasal congestion, watery eyes, and fatigue.

Proper diagnosis through medical consultation ensures effective treatment, including antihistamines, nasal sprays, and immunotherapy for severe cases.

Additionally, preventive measures, such as avoiding outdoor activities during peak pollen times, using protective gear, and maintaining cleanliness indoors, can significantly reduce symptoms.

Natural remedies, like steam inhalation and herbal teas, offer additional relief. With a combination of preventive strategies and proper treatments, individuals can effectively manage seasonal allergies and improve their quality of life.