Liquid biopsy techniques to aid in detection of cancer in blood

In the future, patients may have more treatment options thanks to the new method of tracking metastatic cancer cells that have been developed by researchers at the University of Central Florida.

Dr Annette Khaled's research lab reported in the most recent issue of PLOS ONE that they used a protein complex called chaperonin as a new marker for cancer cells in the blood, which provides a clearer indication of cancer spread.

UCF scientists were able to detect more cancer cells in the blood using the new marker, a procedure known as liquid biopsy, which could help patients with breast and lung cancer better monitor their disease.

Cancer cells require a large number of proteins to survive and spread throughout the body. Proteins can fold into functional, three-dimensional shapes thanks to the chaperonin complex. Cancer cells cannot form without the complex proteins required. The chaperonin complex is found in all cells. Cancer cells, on the other hand, have much higher levels because, as Dr Khaled explains, "cancer cells are hungry for protein." Dr Khaled has identified the chaperonin complex as a significant indicator of cancer severity in recent years and has developed nanoparticle-based therapies to seek out and destroy the chaperonin complex in cancer cells. Cancer cells starve and die if this protein-folding mechanism is not present.

"The more complex the chaperonin, the more advanced cancer," Dr Khaled explained. "We get a warning that the cancer is spreading when we use the chaperonin complex to detect cancer cells in the blood. Detecting cancer cells in blood using the chaperonin complex is a novel non-invasive diagnosis method."

Cancer markers in the blood are commonly based on epithelial features in cells that line the surfaces of the body where cancers arise. However, such markers for detecting cancer cells in the blood are scarce "Dr Khaled elaborated, "and provide little information about cancer itself." "Cancer cells shed into the blood can come from any part of the tumour and only live for a few hours. Using a marker that identifies dangerous cancer cells circulating in the blood, such as the chaperonin complex, could alert doctors if a patient is relapsing or not responding to treatments.

Dr Khaled is the Division of Cancer Research Director at the College of Medicine. Her research began with the use of blood and tissues from patients with metastatic breast cancer being treated at Orlando Health's UF Cancer Center to see if the chaperonin complex was better than traditional markers for identifying cancer cells in the blood. She then validated this idea using blood from lung cancer patients, discovering that using the chaperonin complex detected more lung cancer cells than standard liquid biopsy methods.