Nanoparticle triggers the immune system, outsmarting brain cancer

According to the scientists at the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, a small molecule has been identified that blocks a key pathway in brain tumours. But there was a problem: How to get the inhibitor through the bloodstream and into the brain to reach the tumour.

In collaboration with multiple labs, the teams fabricated a nanoparticle to contain the inhibitor, and the results were even better than expected.

Not only did the nanoparticles deliver the inhibitor to the tumour in mouse models, where the drug successfully turned on the immune system to eliminate cancer, but the process triggered immune memory so that a reintroduced tumour was also eliminated--a sign that this potential new approach could not only treat brain tumours but prevent or delay recurrences.

"No one could get this molecule into the brain. It's really a huge milestone. Outcomes for patients with glioma have not improved for the last 30 years," said Maria G. Castro, Ph.D., R.C. Schneider Collegiate Professor of Neurosurgery at Michigan Medicine. Castro is the senior author of the study, published in ACS Nano.

"Despite survival gains in many cancer types, glioma remains stubbornly challenging, with only 5% of patients living five years after their diagnosis," said study author Pedro R. Lowenstein, M.D., Ph.D., Richard C. Schneider Collegiate Professor of Neurosurgery at Michigan Medicine.

Gliomas are often resistant to traditional therapies, and the environment inside the tumour suppresses the immune system, rendering new immune-based therapies ineffective. Add to that the challenge of passing the blood brain barrier, and it becomes even more difficult to deliver effective treatments to these tumours.

The Castro-Lowenstein lab saw an opportunity. The small-molecule inhibitor AMD3100 was developed to block the action of CXCR12, a cytokine released by the glioma cells that build up a shield around the immune system, preventing it from firing up against the invading tumour. Researchers showed in mouse models of glioma that AMD3100 prevented CXCR12 from binding with immune-suppressive myeloid cells. By disarming these cells, the immune system remains intact and can attack the tumour cells.

But AMD3100 was having trouble getting to the tumour. The drug did not travel well through the bloodstream, and it did not pass the blood brain barrier, a key issue with getting drugs into the brain.

The Castro-Lowenstein lab collaborated with Joerg Lahann, Ph.D., Wolfgang Pauli Collegiate Professor of Chemical Engineering at the U-M College of Engineering, to create protein-based nanoparticles to encapsulate the inhibitor, in the hopes of helping it pass through the bloodstream.

Castro also connected with Anuska V. Andjelkovic, M.D., Ph.D., professor of pathology and research professor of neurosurgery at Michigan Medicine, whose research focuses on the blood-brain barrier. They noted that glioma tumours create abnormal blood vessels, interfering with normal blood flow.

The researchers injected AMD3100-loaded nanoparticles into mice with gliomas. The nanoparticles contained a peptide on the surface that binds to a protein found mostly on the brain tumour cells. As the nanoparticles travelled through the bloodstream toward the tumour, they released AMD3100, which restored the integrity of the blood vessels. The nanoparticles could then reach their target, where they released the drug, thus blocking the entry of the immune-suppressive myeloid cells into the tumour mass. This allowed the immune cells to kill the tumour and delay its progression.

"If you don't have blood flow, nothing will get to your target. That's why tumours are so smart. But AMD3100 restores the conduits, which is what allows the nanoparticles to reach the tumour," Castro said.

Further studies in mice and patient cell lines demonstrated that coupling the AMD3100 nanoparticle with radiation therapy enhanced the effect beyond either the nanoparticle or radiation alone.

Among the mice whose tumours were eliminated, the researchers then reintroduced the tumour, simulating a recurrence. Without any additional therapy, 60% of mice remained cancer-free. This suggests that, like a vaccine, AMD3100 created immune memory, enabling the immune system to recognize and destroy the reintroduced cells. While it prevented a recurrence in mice, Castro said it bodes well for at least delaying recurrence in people.

"Every glioma recurs. It's very important for glioma therapy to have this immunological memory," Castro said. Initial tests showed little to no impact on liver, kidney or heart function and normal blood counts in the mice after treatment. The nanoparticle has a similar base as ones that have been previously tested in humans and shown to be safe. Additional safety testing is necessary before moving to a clinical trial.