People that are particularly sensitive to stress hormones also exhibit markers that suggest they are at greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease, according to research presented at the 59th Annual European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology Meeting.
The study aimed to create a test that could differentiate between stress hormone-sensitive and resistant people, to help clinicians better determine therapeutic outcomes and minimise adverse effects in those requiring glucocorticoid treatment.
Interestingly, the protein profile associated with glucocorticoid sensitivity included increased risk markers of stress-related disorders such as stroke and heart attack and may point to new possibilities for diagnostics or therapy in these areas.
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a group of hormones produced naturally in the body, one of which is the stress hormone cortisol, and they are essential for metabolism and healthy immune function.
They act as anti-inflammatories and are routinely used to treat allergies, asthma, and other conditions involving an overactive immune system. However, people respond differently to GCs.
A test distinguishing between sensitive and resistant people would be very useful in improving treatment outcomes. Proteins in our body are responsible for recognising, transporting, and affecting the actions of hormones such as GCs, so it may be that the protein profiles of sensitive and resistant people could indicate GC effectiveness.
Chronic stress has long been associated with an increased risk of developing heart disease and stroke but the underlying physiological changes are not well understood.
In this study, Dr Nicolas Nicolaides and colleagues in Athens, Greece, investigated whether a set of proteins could be identified that would distinguish between GC sensitive and resistant people.
101 healthy volunteers were given a low dose of the GC, dexamethasone, then ranked from the most sensitive to most resistant, based on their blood cortisol levels the following morning. Samples from the top and bottom 10 percent were then analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify differences in the protein profile between these groups.
The sensitive group had 110 upregulated and 66 downregulated proteins compared with the resistant group. Of the upregulated proteins in the sensitive group, several were associated with enhanced blood clotting, amyloid plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease, and immune function.
Dr Nicolaides said the team's findings show, for the first time, how increased glucocorticoid sensitivity may be associated with stress-related disorders, including myocardial and brain infarctions, which could lead to new therapeutic interventions.
Although Dr Nicolaides, cautioned, "This was a small study, so further, larger studies are needed to confirm the differences observed between the glucocorticoid-sensitive and resistant people."
"We speculate that if the most glucocorticoid sensitive people are exposed to excessive or prolonged stress, the resultant increased blood cell activation could predispose them to clot formation in the heart and brain, leading to heart attacks or strokes. We could potentially identify those at more risk and in need of stress management," Dr Nicolaides commented.
This study was part of a larger project, involving genetic and metabolic analyses in healthy subjects with differences in tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids. The team now plans to perform larger studies to confirm these findings and develop a signature profile for identifying these patient groups, which may also have increased susceptibility to stress-related disorders.
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