In a new study making use of historical data, researchers from Germany (Leipzig, Jena, Gera) and Australia aimed to answer the question of whether the games that different cultures play correspond to how cooperative they are.
The findings of the study were published in the journal 'PLoS ONE'.
"If you live in Germany, chances are high that you played a competitive game," said Sarah Leisterer-Peoples, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig.
"We think that games might reflect aspects of human cultures, such as how competitive and cooperative the cultures are," added Leisterer-Peoples.
Previous research suggests that in socially hierarchical cultures, or those with differences in status and wealth, competitive games are played frequently. And the opposite has also been suggested--in egalitarian cultures, or those with little or no differences in status and wealth, games tend to be more cooperative.
However, previous studies have investigated this relationship in only a small handful of cultures, thus limiting the breadth of this claim.
In a first step, the research team sorted through a database on historical games played by cultures located in the Pacific.
"The cultures in our study lived in a broad geographic range, spanning the Pacific Ocean. The cultures were very diverse, but also shared similarities, which allow for comparison on several aspects of the cultures," said Leisterer-Peoples.
For example, when two groups live next to each other, it might be that they share some characteristics, such as how they get their food, but they might differ in other aspects, such as the norms surrounding competitive behavior.
"We tried to hone in on these differences while accounting for their similarities," said Leisterer-Peoples.
In a second step, the scientists identified characteristics of cultures that indicate how cooperative they might be.
"One of the difficulties with historical data is that you can't go back in time to do interviews with people from different cultures, but have to rely on the historical documentation of these cultures," said Leisterer-Peoples.
For example, they looked at how socially hierarchical cultures were structured, how often members of a culture conflict with each other, how often cultures conflicted with other cultures, and how often group members hunt and fish in groups.
"These are real-world proxies for cooperative behavior", said Leisterer-Peoples.
In the end, they were able to identify 25 cultures that had historical information readily available on both the games they played and relevant cultural characteristics.
The researchers found that the cultures that frequently engage in conflicts with other cultures have more cooperative games than competitive games. On the other hand, cultures with frequent conflicts with their own community members have more competitive games than cooperative games. How socially hierarchical the cultures were and whether they fished and hunted in groups did not reliably relate with what kinds of games were played.
"These findings might be non-intuitive at first glance, but make sense in light of theories on the evolution of cooperation in cultural groups. In times of conflict with other cultures, group members have to cooperate with one another and compete with their opponents," explained Leisterer-Peoples.
"This is reflected in the kinds of games that are played--games with competing groups. And when there's a lot of conflict among the members of a group, they tend to play games that are competitive. These findings suggest that the games we play reflect the socio-ecological characteristics of the culture that we are in," added Leisterer-Peoples.
Games mimic real-world behavior and may be one avenue in which group norms are learned and practiced during childhood.
"Science lives through replication of previous findings. It's important that future studies investigate this finding further, especially in other parts of the world and in modern-day cultures. We don't know whether this effect is still relevant in today's gaming culture. Nowadays, store-bought games and video games have overtaken the traditional games that were played in children's free time. Future studies also need to investigate the specific skills that are learned through games, not just the degree of cooperation in the games," said Leisterer-Peoples.
"This is just the beginning of studies on games across cultures. There's much more to uncover," concluded Leisterer-Peoples.
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